Surrealism

Surrealism (from the 1920s, associated with André Breton, Salvador Dalí, René Magritte and others) drew on the newly influential ideas of psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind: dreamlike, irrational imagery, unexpected juxtapositions of ordinary objects, and a technical style that's often precisely realistic even while depicting something impossible.

That combination - realistic technique used to render an unreal scene - is the detail worth naming specifically in an answer, since it's what separates Surrealism from earlier movements that distorted form (like Cubism) rather than depicting impossible content within an otherwise convincing style.